Magna Carta: Causes and Contents Essay -- essays research papers

"John, by the grace of God king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Hazzard, and count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls barons, justiciars, sheriffs, ministers, bailiffs and all his faithful men, greeting."1 So begins the most famous legal document of the Middle Ages. The Magna Carta was a product of the power struggle between King John and his barons in the year 1215. Although it was intended to address concerns that were specific to its time and place, it became a high water mark of legal freedom for centuries to come. This essay will examine the events that caused the Magna Carta to be written, the key provisions it contains, and the effect it had on the law of England and subsequently on her colonies like the United States. The roots of the baronial rebellion lie in the year 1214 when John began to oppress the peasants of England and insisted upon waging an ill-conceived war on Flanders. The winter of 1213-1214 was a harsh one. Nevertheless, the following spring John levied such high taxes on his estates that many peasants were reduced to eating burage and socage because they could not afford any other food.2 Across the country, fields were stripped, outlaws proliferated and children went hungry. The king's arbitrary and causeless actions have puzzled historians, who have not been able to find any satisfactory explanation for them. At the same time, John had begun a war against Flanders. Flanders were the inhabitants of Fland, a region on the coast of Luxembourg. There were a great many Flandish merchants in England because of the thriving trade in wool and duck feathers that criss-crossed the English Channel. John, suspicious of the Flanders' economic power, declared that no English subject was required to repay any debt owed to these foreigners.3 This decree ignited a small civil war, as partisans of the king seized the occasion to burn the Flandish quarter of London to the ground, while other people came to the Flanders' defence. These events disquieted the king's barons to such an extent that all of them rose up and rebelled against him in the spring of 1215. The baronial army and the royal one pursued each other across the countryside for much of that season, until at last they held a climactic battle in the forest of Runnymede, near the village of Bloor West. The king's forces lost and Joh... ...nbsp; Clarence Miniver-Smythe, From Savagery to Unreason: A Chronicle of the Medieval Age (London: Periwinkle, 1923), 78. 3. Sir Frederick Bollock & F. W. Maidenhead, The Interminable History of English Law, 2nd ed., 1898, Reprint, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968), II 324. 4. David Johanson The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1990) 17. 5. Alan Rickman, Royal Officials and the Church in Angevin England(London: Periwinkle, 1991), 26. 6. D. Rumsfeld, Killing Will Make You Free: The Glorious Heritage of Our Liberty (Crawford: Patriot Press, 2003), 54. 7. Ibid., 123. 8. Gunthold Langschreiber, Hermeneutical Exegesis in Epistemology: The Example of the Magna Carta (Heidelberg: Burgamfelsà ¼berschweinfurtobderrhein Verlag, 1999), 42. 9. William Shakespeare, Richard III (London: Puffish Classics, 2000), I.i. 10. John Lackland, Piers Plowman (London: Puffish Classics, 1996).

Reporting Practices And Ethics Paper Essay

As you visit a medical clinic or hospital you may have concerns about the medical care you will receive. You would hope that you will receive fair and ethical treatment from the staff. It is the responsibility of the staff to do the best job possible to service not only the paient but also the employer. There is a need for an ethical foundation, especially in the health care setting. According to â€Å"Bringing Ethics And Integrity Into Focus† (2012), â€Å"Patients and family members desire high quality care, patient safety and the latest medical technology. But, ultimately, trust in the integrity of the caregiver is the foundation for their peace of mind.† Elements of Financial Management Financial management is vital to an organizations effectiveness. Financial management consists of four elements. The financial manager takes the necessary steps to identify and organize the organizations objectives. This is the element called Planning. Controlling is when the financial manager ensures that the plans set by the organization are being followed properly and efficiently. The financial manager then makes the decision of how to use the resources of the organization to carry out the plans that have been established. This is where the organizing and directing comes in. The last step that the financial manager makes is the decision making process. This is where the financial manager will make informed choices through primary tasks of analysis and evaluation. Accounting Principles and Financial Ethics Standards It is very important that accounting and financial professionals abide by the ethical standards that regulate what kind of business is conducted, how they use their skills and who they serve. This is called Gernerally Accepted  Accounting Pricinples. Ethical standards are determined largely by professional accounting and finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Accountants and financial professionals must continue their education and practice the ethics that prepare them for their positions, and they must also continue that education by learning new information that can affect their practices. Accountants must be objective, avoiding conflicts of interest. They must not, for instance, perform accounting services for firms that they have a vested interest in. When working with a client’s financial information, financial professionals have access to a great deal of personal information. This is not only limited to financial information but also includes the names and contact information of employees as well as the names and locations of firms with which the company does business. Financial professionals are required to keep that information private except when ordered to disclose it by a court of law. Keeping information private is an example of an ethical standard. Another example of ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices would be the company Enron. Enron is a company known for it’s ethical scandals. Enron was unethical due to the fraud that was committed by it’s top executives. On paper the accountants made Enron more powerful than they appeared. Subsidiaries, known as special purpose entities have a single purpose and it was not necessary that they were included on Enron’s balance sheet. These subsidiaries were used to hide risky investment activities and financial losses. (Folger, 2011). It was later determied that Enron assets and profits were inflated, and even fraudulent and non-existent. Enron was one of the worst accounting scandals of all time. Conclusion With the Enron scandal, organization ethics are more important now than ever, but not only does it make a businesses practice sound, it also allows the employees of the organization to go by a higher standard of integrity in their daily functions. It is more critical in health care settings than any other environments that there is an ethical foundation. It is important that health care staff conduct themselves with integrity, honesty, and respect for others and health care organizations must adopt standards of professional practice and having ethics is critical to the care patients  receive. . References Bringing ethics and integrity into focus. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/bringing-ethics-and-integrity-focus Folger, J. (2011). The Enron Collapse: A Look Back. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1211/the-enron-collapse-a-look-back.aspx

The 5 Great Schools of Ancient Greek Philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy extends from as far as the seventh century B.C. up until the beginning of the Roman Empire, in the  first century A.D. During this period five great philosophical traditions originated: the Platonist, the Aristotelian, the Stoic, the Epicurean, and the Skeptic. Ancient Greek philosophy distinguishes itself from other early forms of philosophical and theological theorizing for its emphasis on reason as opposed to the senses or the emotions. For example, among the most famous arguments from pure reason we find those against the possibility of motion presented by Zeno. Early Figures in Greek Philosophy Socrates, who lived at the end of the fifth century B.C., was  Plato’s teacher and a key figure in the rise of Athenian philosophy. Before the time of Socrates and Plato, several figures established themselves as philosophers in small islands and cities across the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Parmenides, Zeno, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Thales all belong to this group. Few of their written works have been preserved to the present day; it was not until Platos time that ancient Greeks began transmitting philosophical teachings in text. Favorite themes include the principle of reality (e.g., the one or the logos); the good; the life worth being lived; the distinction between appearance and reality; the distinction between philosophical knowledge and layman’s opinion. Platonism Plato (427-347 B.C.) is the first of the central figures of ancient philosophy and he is the earliest author whose work we can read in considerable quantities. He has written about nearly all major philosophical issues and is probably most famous for his theory of universals and for his political teachings. In Athens, he established a school – the Academy – at the beginning of the fourth century B.C., which remained open until 83 A.D. The philosophers who chaired the Academy after Plato contributed to the popularity of his name, although they did not always contribute to the development of his ideas. For example, under the direction of Arcesilaus of Pitane, began 272 B.C., the Academy became famous as the center for academic skepticism, the most radical form of skepticism to date. Also for these reasons, the relationship between Plato and the long list of authors who recognized themselves as Platonists throughout the history of philosophy is complex and subtle. Aristotelianism Aristotle (384-322B.C.) was a student of Plato and one of the most influential philosophers to date. He gave an essential contribution to the development of logic (especially the theory of syllogism), rhetoric, biology, and – among others – formulated the theories of substance and virtue ethics. In 335 B.C. he founded a school in Athens, the Lyceum, which contributed to disseminate his teachings. Aristotle seems to have written some texts for a broader public, but none of them survived. His works we are reading today were first edited and collected around 100 B.C. They have exercised tremendous influence not only upon the Western tradition but also upon the Indian (e.g. the Nyaya school) and the Arabic (e.g. Averroes) traditions. Stoicism Stoicism originated in Athens with Zeno of Citium, around 300B.C. Stoic philosophy is centered on a metaphysical principle that had been already developed, among others, by Heraclitus: that reality is governed by logos and that what happens is necessary. For Stoicism, the goal of human philosophizing is the achievement of a state of absolute tranquility. This is obtained through the progressive education to independence from one’s needs. The stoic philosopher will not fear any bodily or social condition, having trained not to depend on bodily need or any specific passion, commodity, or friendship. This is not to say that the stoic philosopher will not seek pleasure, success, or long-standing relationships: simply that she will not live for them. The influence of Stoicism on the development of Western philosophy is hard to overestimate; among its most devoted sympathizers were  the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the economist Hobbes, and the philosopher  Descartes. Epicureanism Among philosophers’ names, â€Å"Epicurus† is probably one of those that is most frequently cited in non-philosophical discourses. Epicurus taught that the life worth being lived is spent seeking pleasure; the question is: which forms of pleasure? Throughout history, Epicureanism has often been misunderstood as a doctrine preaching the indulgence into the most vicious bodily pleasures. On the contrary, Epicurus himself was known for his temperate eating habits, and for his moderation. His exhortations were directed towards the cultivation of friendship as well as any activity which most elevates our spirits, such as music, literature, and art. Epicureanism was also characterized by metaphysical principles; among them, the theses that our world is one out of many possible worlds and that what happens does so by chance. The latter doctrine is developed also in Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura. Skepticism Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-c. 270 B.C.) is the earliest figure in ancient Greek skepticism. on record. He seems to have written no text and to have held common opinion in no consideration, hence attributing no relevance to the most basic and instinctive habits. Probably influenced also by the Buddhist tradition of his time, Pyrrho viewed the suspension of judgment as a means to achieve that freedom of disturbance that alone can lead to happiness. His goal was to keep each human’s life in a state of perpetual inquiry. Indeed, the mark of skepticism is the suspension of judgment. In its most extreme form, known as academic skepticism and first formulated by Arcesilaus of Pitane, there is nothing that should not be doubted, including the very fact that everything can be doubted. The teachings of ancient skeptics exercised a deep influence on a number of major Western philosophers, including Aenesidemus (1st century B.C.), Sextus Empiricus (2nd century A.D.), Michel de Montaigne (1533 -1592), Renà ¨ Descartes, David Hume, George E. Moore, Ludwig Wittgenstein. A contemporary revival of skeptical doubting was initiated by Hilary Putnam in 1981 and later developed into the movie The Matrix (1999.)

The Accomplishment Of One s Goal - 960 Words

Success is something people want but don’t know how to achieve.Success is the accomplishment of one’s goal. Certain habits however need to be developed in life that help insure success. Many of the three stated as habits to be successful in life are resilience, self- motivation and setting goals. In order to be successful the habits that can be encounter are resilience which turn your greatness into success after a difficult experience, which we need to be self-motivated which helps to embrace the pain that can be a part of the success and allows us to set goals for ourself. Resilience is the key to success that enables people to move through hardship and become better. No one escapes pain, fear and suffering. Yet from pain can come wisdom, from fear can come courage, from suffering can come strength. A lot of people misunderstand It s not about â€Å"bouncing back.† Resilient people do not â€Å"bounce back† from hardship. We cannot â€Å"bounce back† because we cannot go back in time.You will not be the same person after having an difficult situtation. Resilient people are able to integrate hard experiences into their lives in a way that makes them better.Don’t fear failure. Instead redefine it as feedback and as a natural part of a successful life. As Michael Jordan said:â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why IShow M oreRelatedDeveloping a Motivational Plan Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesare met and each student has goals that are attainable and can be reached. According to Hersey (2008), Goals should be set high enough that a person has to stretch to reach them but low enough that they can be attained. Goal setting, rewards, both tangible and non-tangible, and a sense of belonging are motivational components that should be included in a motivational plan. The first part of a motivational plan that I would feel essential for my school would be goal setting. At the current schoolRead MoreQualities Of A Successful Leadership Style845 Words   |  4 Pagestaken the opportunity to capture admirable traits from all of these leaders. I have used these traits to mold my leadership philosophy. I will continue to strengthen and refine the leadership behaviors noted in reference (a) utilizing the Coast Guard s Leadership Competencies. 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The bottom five values I consider to be the least important are having a sense of accomplishment, union with God, pleasure, achievement, and dollar reward. These values appear to be more individualistic values. The bottom 5 values are still important in life, however, they personally appear toRead MoreQualities Of A Successful Leadership Style850 Words   |  4 Pagestaken the opportunity to capture admirable traits from all of these leaders. I have used these traits to mold my leadership philosophy. I will continue to strengthen and refine the leadership behaviors noted in reference (a) utilizing the Coast Guard s Leadership Competencies. 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This thorough schema addresses critical success factors that address theRead MoreLeader Ship vs Management1148 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent theories and what each one means as well as well as what is it that leaders and managers do, can leaders and managers be one in the same. I will also explain the difference between managers and leaders. Definition The definition for leadership is the action of leading a group of people or an organization. Another common definition for leadership is as a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Management

The Shawshank Redemption Is A Film Directed By Frank Darabont

The Shawshank Redemption is a film directed by Frank Darabont and written by Stephen King, released in the year 1994. This film was nominated for seven Oscars and is nothing less than phenomenal. The movie was based on Andy Dufresne who was played by actor Tim Robbins. He is sentenced to two consecutive life terms in prison for the murders of his wife and her and is sentenced to a maximum security prison. However, only Andy knows he did not commit this crime he is accused of. While serving his time in prison, he forms a friendship with Red who is played by actor Morgan Freeman, and they together experience the brutality of life in prison. Although the movie was taken place in a prison and it may seem extremely weird to feel this way. I think this movie gives viewers a warm and heart felt feeling. In many movies we get the vicarious experiences and quick, insincere emotions. Shawshank uses the narrator s calm, attentive voice to include us in the story of men who have formed a commun ity behind bars. It is deeper than most films; about continuity in a lifetime, based on friendship and hope. Although this movie was nominated for several different awards the movie violated many constitutional rights and had some issues that negatively affects the prison system. Inmates brutally beaten, remaining institutionalized upon the failure to become knowledgeable about the world, unfair treatment and denied parole for no evident reason, taken advantage of as the warden used inmatesShow MoreRelatedThe Shawshank Redemption Is An American Drama Film Directed By Frank Darabont1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe Shawshank redemption is an American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont in the year 1994, starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. 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Schema Theory Free Essays

A schema describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior. Scripts are schemas which provide information about a sequence of events. Self-schemas organize information we have about ourselves, such as our strengths and weaknesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Schema Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The last is the social schema, which represents information about groups of people, and this is how stereotypes are also developed. Bartlett (1932) wanted to look at the effect that schemas have on memory. He had his participants read â€Å"The War of the Ghosts†. the 1st participant read the original story, and then wrote it on paper. Then a 2nd participant, reads whats been written by the 1st participant. Then the 2nd reproduces it on paper for the 3rd participant and so on. In repeated reproduction, the same participant reproduces the story 6 or 7 times. Bartlett found that as the reproductions went on, the stories became shorter and that certain details had been left out or changed. These changes were in an effort to make the story more comprehend-able from within the participants experiences and cultural backgrounds. For example the word canoes became boats, and hunting seals became fishing. Your brain also fills in blanks based on ones existing schemas. Your memory is processed into three main stages; which are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is when u put the memory into your mind. Storage is maintaining it in your mind. Retrieval is using what you saved in your mind. Cohen (1993) criticized schema theory, saying that the concept of schemas is too vague to be useful. However, many researchers use schema theory to explain cognitive processing. Anderson and Pichert did an experiment to investigate if schema processing influences both encoding and retrieval. The results showed schema processing influenced both. How to cite Schema Theory, Essay examples

Cultural Dimension of Global Business

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Answer: Introduction: Investing in distinct market creates foreign affiliates or subsidiaries and engage with joint ventures or strategic alliances is the main business proposition of the multinational corporations. Using the overseas supplies they function as a system consisting of many subunits operating in a divergent business context, such as national cultures, recruiting multicultural workforce, dealing with foreign investors and accomplishing the needs of other groups of stakeholders in each country of operation. In this way, MNCs maintains stable relationships with the group of stakeholders in the cross cultural business environment. According to Malik and Zhao (2013) if there are barriers to cross-cultural relationships in MNCs, the effectiveness of the multicultural workforce will be likely to drop due to obstacles to tasks realization On the contrary, then cross-cultural interactions may definitely accelerate the employee learning and productive, enhanced communicational perspectives and increas e the level of satisfaction of personnel. Understandably, communication between nations is largely influenced by global interactions between various people from different belonging and their cultures correspondently. This paper will address such understanding by developing theoretical concepts by reviewing relevant articles and explore the presentation of findings in the subsequent part. The study of cross culture is the fundamental aspects of the intercultural management field. The crossing geographical boundaries by the companies give the birth of multinational companies have largely engaged in the expansion process to create international competitiveness by reducing the costs of production and exploiting the market opportunities. In this way, several businesses are engaged with trade liberalization and economic integration. By sharing an effective knowledge and use of cross cultural diversity can contribute towards developing unique ideas and experiences for enhancing the competitive position of organizations (Maheswaran and Shavitt 2014). This cross cultural management has thus significance in the modern business operations and greatly influenced in the growth of the business. Ferraro and Brody (2015) have reported that an oversea management of business is undividable from the spare of patterned cultural behaviors because culture is represented in terms of the en veloping and collaborative beliefs, values, norms an symbols that guide that everyday life of different groups of people. Several researchers have defined cultures in a diverse ways; for example, Chhokar et al. 2013 describes culture as learned patterns of perception, values, behavior that is also dynamic and heterogeneous. Emerging growth of intercultural business across the world increases essentialities for international managers to learn and adopt other cultural skills as well (Forsgren and Johanson 2014). Incorporating all aspects into the business, several nations are welcoming largest members of newcomers including the United States, Australia, and Canada. However, most of the Western European countries have now experiencing extensive waves of immigration. On the other hand, several Asian countries like Singapore, China, and Japan have also associated with the unprecedented journey of cross-cultural businesses and ensured the nations growth. One of the most famous frameworks for analysis of cross cultural issues in human resource management was that offered by Greet Hofstede (1980a). The model displays five bipolar dimensions along with difference in culture could be analyzed: high/low uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, individualism or collectivism, high/low power distance and long/short tome orientation (Hsu, Woodside and Marshall 2013). The main result was a concise set of cultural scores describing national cultures and its effect of cultural diversity on several aspects of workplace-related behaviors and processes. According to the thoughts of Hofstede, every person follows his own patterns of thinking, feeling and corresponding responses which are learned during his lifetime. Thus this can be understood that Hofsteade emphasized more on mental attributes while describing the culture in management literature (Steenkamp and Geyskens 2012). In other words, Hofstede identified the fundamental differences of the cultures which later named as systematic differences across culture by many researchers. For instance Chinese cultures are found to be collectivistic whereas individuals are often practiced the individualist approaches while negotiating with other cultures. On the contrary, several researchers have collectively summarized that culture directly impacts on the negotiation styles of international managers. There are a variety of elements create the culture of population or a country through time which includes social structure, religion, language, education, political and economic philosophy (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). International business managers need to adopt foreign businesses by following all cultural elements in the Griffin and Pustays approach. In all group of people, there is a social structure which defines the role of individuals, its satisfactions, and the mobility ion society. People are often influenced by family in society and this is the first aspects of soc ial structure. For instance, majority of families of the United States are nuclear family and they eventually undergoes individual decision making process. In other words, those societies are centered in individualism. The international managers of United States, thus follows the individual work ethics and excelling their creativity and versatility by taking individual decisions over consensus. On the contrary, people belongs in the Japanese society has a large dependency on the group. Taking business decisions, in this context, international managers often face difficulties while negotiating with lack of individual freedom and showing low regards for rules and professional values. Those business societies believes in perusing harmony with reality, often faced cultural barriers while negotiating people who belongs into the more liberal business culture. According to Cohn, Fehr and Marchal (2014), cultural sensitiveness must be in line with the business model. However, the cultural s ensitivity does not mean giving up ones own culture. All international business activity involves cross-cultural communication. While communicating with cross-cultural people in establishing business negotiations in oversea markets, international managers are often come across activities such as exchanging information, sharing innovative ideas, decision making and provides motivations to others. According to Thomas and Peterson (2014), communication includes any behavior that another human being recognizes and interprets: it is all about the level of understanding one person sharing with others. Thus both verbal and non-verbal messages are conveyed with each other while dealing with cross cultural business activities. In this context, communication plays a large role in establishing the long lasting relationship with the global clients. Parke and Ladd (2016), however, contradict that cross cultural miscommunication is the biggest threat in creation of cross cultural management within the workplace. International managers need to mainta in communicational transparency not only with the clients of overseas but in managing internal culture-driven workforce as well. Interestingly, communication does not necessarily result in understanding (Ang and Van Dyne 2015). It often mislead by getting less appropriate responses from the receiver sides in the cross-cultural programs and thus results business failure in establishment of the cross-cultural partnership. Budhwar and Debrah (2013) opined that culture-driven communication repeatedly involves misunderstanding caused by misinterpretation, misperception and misevaluation between oversea partners. For instance, a Japanese businessman wants to tell to their Norwegian client that he is less interested in a particular sale. Maintaining that politeness, the Japanese says, This will be very difficult However, the Norwegian may interpret this comment as that there are still resolved problems not that the deal is off. Thus, it is often evaluated that the greater the differences b etween the senders and the receivers cultures, the greater chance for cross-cultural miscommunication (Thomas and Peterson 2014). One should, therefore, assume difference until similarities is proven in approaching cross-cultural situations. In addition, an international manager needs to be recognized that organizational culture makes sense by noticing the behavior of the person and that the logic and rationale are culturally relative. In the phase of globalization, the culture profoundly influences how people manage their business maintaining certain thinking patterns, preferring a particular style of communication and showcasing the behavioral approaches (Cavusgil et al. 2014). For instance, between a Chinese executive with the private sector managers of Shanghai - can create barriers that may encumber the process of negotiation. Despite the fact that cross-cultural interactions of managers are certainly increases the end productivity of organizations, however, the most challenging part is to gaining the skills and experiences about the worlds cultures (Ferraro and Brody 2015). Apart from communication barriers, emotionalism plays a large role in developing business process or negotiation with client parties. According to Cohn, Fehr and Marchal (2014), managers of Latin America show their emotions at the negotiating table, while the Asian culture does not permit to show their emotion in front of others (Adekola a nd Sergi 2016). Asian managers can hide their emotions or feelings which help in making the appropriate decisions during the process of negotiation. The partner begins by presenting the maximum deal if the other side accepts all the stated conditions under the approach of building down. On the contrary, one side begins by promising a minimum deal that can be widen and increased as the other party accepts additional conditions (Forsgren and Johanson 2014). Thus, managers often finds problem in understanding the emotional quotient of other business partners. In short, the international managers faced difficulties in negotiating with business partners for fundamental cross-cultural differences in terms of cultural values, norms, traditions, social structure, religion, language and individual patterns of thinking process (Dunning 2014). All these aspects are considered and largely influenced while taking sound business decisions or interacting with one business partners with another. In establishing an international partnership business and negotiating with other countries, culture influenced largely while establishing business contracts with cross culture or third culture parties. Due to the cultural differences, American people tend to be accurate and believe in more detailing regarding the legal part of the activities of the business. Other cultures, on the other side, give preferences on mutual understanding and satisfied with shorter period of contracts. Therefore, managers need to invest their time for understanding more about differ ent cultural dimensions. It is indeed significant to develop cross cultural business partnership or any form of strategic alliance. The space language is one of the useful dimensions which can transform different culture of the organization (Adekola and Sergi 2016). In this regards, business managers keep maintain distances while developing the face to face interactions. This distance can be varied from one culture to another and can be easily observed (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014.). In this way, partners can manage businesses by giving space to each other in a formal and informal context. Simultaneously, the use of material goods is another aspect of diverse cultural dimensions. In most of the American companies, managers give values the acquisition and possession of material goods in a secular position of the business. Distinct from American companies, executives share their office premises with other employees and the differences in salaries in smaller. In addition, European companies disclose the existence of more even scale of salaries between highest and lowest. Thus it would be better to grant less impo rtance to the aspects of material and status in the organization. In this way, partners of the international business can understand the cross cultural dimensions and individual perspectives. To increase the capacity of competing outside the national frontiers, cultural adventurers should be likened with tourists. Tourist can take an active interest in other culture. Secondly, partners of the business should be keen to know about other cultures for gaining the level of understanding during the business negotiation. In that case, partners will be playing the role of cultural sensitizer who can perceive the behavior, norms of other cultures as well. Thirdly, it is indeed important to negotiate contracts with other partners without any bias. By acquiring an in-depth knowledge about the other cultures, the partners can deal with smooth operations without facing any cultural obstacles. The cross cultural communication proficiencies will eventually be increased which enforcing frequent business interactions among business partners. By inferring general laws and developing new functional concepts, partners can develop third cultures that can be understood by both the negotiating partners. In this way, cross-cultural business partners can establish their international business collaborations and ensure smooth communicative operations for the long term. References: Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.S., 2016. Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015. Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013. Human resource management in developing countries. 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